Business owners often focus on the purchase price and overlook the importance of the balance sheet when selling a company. However, purchase price tells only part of the story. Working capital may significantly increase or decrease the seller’s proceeds at closing. Therefore, buyers and sellers should address working capital early in the transaction process.

Most merger and acquisition transactions determine value using a company’s earnings, cash flow, and future growth prospects, while applying a discount for risk. However, buyers also evaluate the balance sheet to understand the company’s financial position. Consequently, negotiating balance sheet target values should become an important part of every middle market transaction.

Working capital generally equals current assets less current liabilities. In an acquisition, however, transactional working capital represents the normal operating capital required to run the business after closing. Buyers expect to receive a business with sufficient working capital to continue normal operations. Accordingly, the purchase agreement usually includes a target working capital amount.

Transactional working capital typically excludes cash, cash equivalents, and interest-bearing debt. Instead, the calculation focuses on operating assets and operating liabilities. Common components include accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities. Every transaction requires careful analysis because each business operates differently.

Determining an adequate working capital target requires both financial analysis and sound judgment. There is no universal formula that applies to every business or industry. Instead, buyers and sellers typically analyze historical monthly balances to establish a normalized working capital target. Even then, the parties often reach different conclusions.

Not surprisingly, buyers usually seek a higher working capital target. Conversely, sellers often prefer a lower target to maximize cash proceeds at closing. These competing objectives frequently make working capital one of the most negotiated provisions in the purchase agreement.

An experienced M&A advisory team may help bridge those differences. Advisors understand market practices, identify unusual balance sheet items, and negotiate adjustments that protect their clients’ interests. Moreover, thoughtful working capital negotiations may increase a seller’s proceeds by five to fifteen percent of the total purchase price. For many business owners, that improvement represents one of the most valuable outcomes of a well-managed transaction.